10.+Civil+War

=__The Road to War__=
 * Slavery in the Territories-
 * Missouri Compromise- 1820
 * I. Missouri becomes slave state
 * II. Maine created out of Connecticut to be free state
 * III. No slavery North of 36. 30 parallel in Louisiana Purchase
 * Henry Clay
 * Henry Clay- "The Great Compromiser", make everyone happy
 * Slavery in the West-
 * Mexican War- New land free or slave?
 * Wilmot Proviso- NO slavery in new territories gained by war, didn't pass
 * The Two sides-
 * Abolitionists- People wanting to abolish slavery
 * Free Soil Party- Political party
 * Pro-Slavery- Mostly Southerners
 * Compromise of 1850-
 * Main Leaders-
 * Henry Clay - Wants compromise
 * Calhoun - Pro slavery
 * Webster - Maintain Union, but willing to go to war
 * Stephen Douglas- "Popular Sovereignty" -
 * Believes in popular sovereignty, people's own beliefs
 * Wrote most of compromise & Passes compromise
 * The Compromise of 1850-
 * I. California - Free state
 * II. New Mexico/ Utah Territories - Choose free or slave state by popular sovereignty
 * III. Fugitive Slave Act - Runaway and fugitive slaves must be returned to masters no matter where they are in the country
 * //Uncle Tom's Cabin// by Harriet Beecher Stowe-
 * Tells story of slave who escaped & went through Underground Railroad
 * Portrays slavery as HORRIBLE
 * Big in England
 * IV. Texas- Enters as slave state
 * V. Slavery in D.C.- Slave trade outlawed in D.C.
 * The Kansas-Nebraska Act- People of Kansas and Nebraska territories chose whether free state or slave state
 * "Border Ruffians"- People from border states move to Kansas and Nebraska to try & influence the vote
 * Bleeding Kansas- Strong abolitionists & pro slavery people living together, kill each other, lots of violence, blood
 * Beating in the Senate-
 * Charles Sumner beaten because of talking down old senator, Andrew Butler
 * Butler's nephew, Brooks, in house of representatives
 * Brooks beats Sumner with cane
 * Public Becomes More Divided-
 * The Dred Scott Case //(Scott vs. Sandford)//-
 * Dred Scott is slave
 * Lived in Missouri with master, moved to free state, moved back to Missouri, master dies
 * Lived as slave in free state
 * Scott sues because he was slave in free state
 * Supreme Courts says he was slave no matter what and wouldn't give him a trial
 * Abolitionists ENRAGED
 * The Republican Party Emerges-
 * Abe Lincoln-
 * Popular over Illinois senate seat and Lincoln Douglas debates
 * Small town lawyer
 * Not well known throughout country
 * Lincoln-Douglas Debates-
 * Popular, focused on slavery
 * Lincoln wants slavery to end slowly so Southern economy won't evaporate
 * While running against each other for senator of Illinois
 * John Brown- raid on Harper's Ferry-
 * John has idea he and some slaves go to arsenal in Harper's Ferry, Virginia to start slave rebellion
 * Slaves will rise again!
 * Arrested.
 * Election on 1860- Lincoln wins
 * Candidates and Parties-
 * Republican/abolitionist- Lincoln
 * Won
 * Not popular vote, but states
 * No Southern states
 * Northern Democrat- Douglas
 * Antislavery compromise
 * Constitutional Union- Bell (slaveholder)
 * Preserve union
 * Pro-slavery compromiser
 * Southern Democrats- Breckenridge
 * Pro-slavery
 * Southern Reactions-
 * They have no voice
 * Democracy isn't working
 * Lincoln being elected was sign that if they stayed in the Union, slavery would come to an end
 * South Carolina- First to secede
 * Secession?-
 * Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas- don't want war, but once it begins, go with South
 * Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware- side with Union, "Border States"
 * West Virginia breaks away from Virginia- sides with Union

=__A Nation Divided__=


 * Southern Secession-
 * Reasons:
 * Economic issues
 * Protect way of life with slavery
 * Government no longer protect opinions and rights
 * States rights
 * Northern Reaction-
 * Some thought secession illegal
 * Others say "let them go"
 * Keep Nation whole
 * Lincoln's View-
 * Secession is illegal
 * Any democracy allowing secession would cause chaos and instability if they left
 * Lincoln's Problems- Trying to please both sides
 * Stance on Slavery-
 * Boarder states have slavery
 * If he tries to stop slavery there, four states will join confederacy
 * Abolitionists want Lincoln free all of slaves
 * Southern Soldiers-
 * Better fighters
 * Defending own land easier
 * North doesn't know area as well
 * Ft. Sumter ( April 12, 1861 )-
 * South won
 * Turns **debate** into **war**
 * Jefferson Davis' Problems-
 * State of the Army- Great Generals, Few men, No supplies
 * Infrastructure- Few railroads -> Hard to transport men and supplies
 * Help From England-
 * South thought England would help
 * England depends on Southern cotton to make cloth in mills
 * Most England people abolitionist, go against their views
 * England has lot of cotton
 * States' Rights-
 * Weak central government
 * Can't tax
 * Print money=inflation
 * More individual states' rights
 * Personality-
 * Stubborn, arrogant, take control of everything
 * Not very likable
 * Resources-
 * North-
 * 20,000 miles of Railroads
 * 100,000 factories
 * 1 million workers
 * 23 states with
 * 22 millions people
 * 4 million of combat age
 * $189 million in bank
 * Better agriculture/crops for farming
 * Navy
 * South-
 * 9,000 miles of Railroads
 * 20,000 factories
 * 101,00 workers
 * 11 states
 * 9 million people
 * 3.5 million slaves
 * 1.2 million of combat age
 * $47 million in bank
 * Cotton & tobacco farms
 * few crops for food
 * Had to make navy

=__Outbreak of War__=


 * Military Plans-
 * Union-
 * Use Navy to block Southern ports
 * Capture Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate States of America's capital
 * Gain control of the Mississippi River
 * Confederacy-
 * Keep fighting until Union gets tired
 * Early Battles and Warfare-
 * Battle of Bull Run ( July 21, 1861 )-
 * Soldiers need training, War going to be long
 * First fight after Sumter
 * Confederacy ends up retreating
 * Gen. Stonewall Jackson-
 * Confederate general
 * Named after standing like a stone wall and not retreating
 * Died from being shot by Confederate soldier who thought he was a Union soldier
 * Lincoln's Troubles with Generals-
 * George McClellan-
 * Union commander
 * Good organizer, very careful, delayed plans -> Many problems
 * Good trainer
 * Fired in the Battle of Antietam for not pursuing retreating confederacy (even though they technically won)
 * Navy-
 * Virginia vs. Monitor-
 * Confederate began with no navy
 * Made Ironclad (Virginia) out of old abandoned Union ship, destroyed 2 union ships
 * Ironclads changed Navy
 * Union makes Monitor to battle Virginia, battle has no outcome
 * Antietam-
 * Lee wants to march troops into Maryland, Union soldier finds Lee's plan & reports to McClellan
 * McClellan slow to act
 * South retreats at end of battle, McClellan doesn't go after them
 * No one really wins
 * 23,000 men from both sides killed
 * Confederate Victories-South
 * Battle of Fredericksburg-
 * One of Union's worst defeats
 * Battle in Virginia on hill
 * Lots of Confederates shot by union soldiers in defensive position on hill
 * Battle of Chancellorsville-
 * Lee with Stonewall Jackson
 * Battle in Virginia near Chancellorsville
 * Lee dies from being shot by Confederate soldier mistaking him for Union soldier
 * Union Victories-
 * Battle of Shiloh, Ulysses S. Grant-
 * Bloodiest battle of the war
 * Battle in Tennessee
 * Won part of the Mississippi
 * Union victory

=__Life During the War__=


 * The Emancipation Proclamation- Statement by Lincoln freeing some slaves but not others
 * What it Said- All slaves in Confederate states are freed
 * Why?-
 * Keeps Border States happy & is reward for staying with Union
 * Weakens Confederate war effort
 * African-American Contributions-
 * At first, no African Americans allowed in union army
 * 1862- Accepted into army, mainly as laborers
 * 1863- Allowed to fight
 * 1864- Equal pay
 * Life as a Soldier-
 * Mostly under 21 and very excited
 * Thinks war isn't going to last long
 * Many deaths from disease infection rather than killed in battle
 * Terrible conditions
 * Problems in the North-
 * Draft-
 * Lincoln starts draft in 1863
 * Eligible men between ages 20-45 must serve if called upon
 * Buy your way out or pay someone else
 * Riots in the Cities-
 * New York City
 * Immigrants are drafted for war
 * Protest against draft and war
 * Lots of blacks and rich people killed
 * Job Competition, they're reason for war
 * Economy- North needs more money
 * Income Tax- Percentage tax on your income
 * War Profiteers-
 * Rhett Butler
 * Make & Sell necessary things for war at High prices, make lots of money $
 * Southern Economy- No income
 * Jefferson Davis can't put on income tax or tax because fear of central government, has hard time making money $
 * Confederates print money -> inflation
 * Inflation is quick fix, terrible in long run, Prices rise, worth stays the same
 * Union blocks ports, Cotton gone
 * Women During the War-
 * Women step in place of gone men
 * Keep society going in background
 * Women Aid Societies
 * Charitable stuff & fundraisers
 * Nursing suitable job

=**__The War Ends__**=


 * Turn of the Tide of War- South good at beginning, then starts to lose resources and Union takes control
 * Fall of Vicksburg-
 * Union already has control of the beginning and end of the Mississippi River, South has control of Vicksburg in the middle
 * Grant tries attacking from Mississippi=unsuccessful, goes around & traps Vicksburg
 * Union now has control of entire Mississippi
 * Gettysburg-
 * Lee marches army North and makes life hard for Union, tries to gain control of Washington D.C.
 * I. Confederacy wins first day
 * II. Union goes to Cemetery Ridge where hills are easy to defend
 * Union wins, doesn't chase Lee when he retreats
 * Gettysburg Address-
 * Made by Lincoln dedicating cemetery
 * Civil War was fight-
 * For slavery
 * Keep Union together
 * Keep government and democracy
 * Grant's Plan for Victory- Grant willing to sacrifice men, wants civilians/anything/everything that will make Confederacy suffer
 * Total War-
 * Sheridan-
 * Goes through Virginia
 * 2,000 farms destroyed
 * Sherman-
 * Hated
 * Destroys Atlanta & all of South Carolina
 * Goes to Atlantic Ocean, then North
 * Does stuff so Southern army can't get supplies
 * Lincoln is Reelected-
 * End of 1963- Lincoln not going to be reelected
 * THEN! Vicksburg, Gettysburg, Gettysburg Address
 * Running against McClellan, McClellan to keep slavery if elected
 * Lincoln is reelected
 * The Civil War Ends
 * Appomattox Courthouse- April 9, 1865
 * Grant surrounds Lee, Lee surrenders army to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse
 * Confederacy keeps weapons and supplies and stuff because Grant is generous and nice
 * Grant and Lee respect each other

=__Reconstruction__=


 * Early Steps to Reunion-
 * Lincoln is all about forgiveness
 * Many Northerners want to punish South for dragging them into war
 * Postwar Problems- Hard life during reconstruction
 * North-
 * Economic problems, unemployment
 * Lost more soldiers than the South
 * Most Northern farms and cities unharmed
 * South-
 * Lost lots of railroads
 * Bad economy, money has no value, debt can't be paid
 * 4 million free slaves in bad economic and social situation
 * Southern cities destroyed
 * Banks failed, depositors lost money
 * Steps Towards Reconstruction-
 * Lincoln's Plan-
 * Ten Percent plan where 10% of voters in state are for Union & can form new government
 * Abolitionists and northerners thinks it's too generous
 * Doesn't pass
 * Wade-Davis Bill-
 * Republican
 * Majority of white men in a state pledge loyal to Union
 * No Confederate fighters can vote/hold office
 * Lincoln says NO even though it went through both houses of congress
 * Freedman's Bureau-
 * Congress and Lincoln agree
 * Help former slaves and poor whites by giving them clothes, food, medical help, and jobs
 * Lincoln is Assassinated-
 * April 14, 1865 (5 days after lee surrendered)
 * Lincoln goes to play in Washington D.C. at ford theater
 * Shot by John Wilkes Booth (famous actor) who sneaks into presidential box
 * Shot in head, dies next day
 * Andrew Johnson- Lincoln's TN vice president that becomes president when Lincoln is assassinated
 * Thirteenth Amendment-
 * Freed blacks in all state, Emancipation Proclamation only freed slaves in south
 * Every state passes 13th amendment abolishing slavery
 * Congress approves, slavery banned
 * Congress Rebels-
 * New government with Confederate supporters
 * Republicans mad, say NO Southerners allowed
 * Later Reconstruction-
 * Fourteenth Amendment- Man of every race must have rights
 * Fifteenth Amendment- Man of every race cannot be denied right to vote
 * Fifteenth Amendment- Man of every race cannot be denied right to vote