4.+THE+13+ENGLISH+COLONIES

-many **Puritans** decided to migrate to America as a result of continued religious persecution…carried the charter of the **Massachusetts Bay Company** -Wanted to "purify" the Church of England, but the King Charles I was getting tired of their grumbling -1630- nearly 1000 of them set out from England to America -1640- over 10,000 had arrived (Boston became the largest colonial town) -**John Winthrop** was elected by the directors of the MBC to be the governor of Massachusetts -lawyer and devout Puritan who believed **"we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us"** -some others came to make money- perhaps second son of family -the colonists created an elected assembly called the **General Court** -in the original charter, only MBC stockholders could vote. This created discontent among non-stakeholders…Winthrop wanted to expand the right to vote but only wanted Puritans…so decided that only male church-members and landowners. -membership in the Puritan Church was unclear- had to present satisfactory evidence of having experienced "saving grace" such as some extraordinary experience, some mystical sign of an intimate contact with God. -Puritan culture: truth found in Bible, town centered on Meeting Hall (church, town hall, etc.), and heavy importance placed on schooling (Harvard founded in 1636 and by 1647 made law that people shall pay for public education). Church services taken very seriously- could be put in stocks if fall asleep. Sermons lasted hours, even in cold winter -Troublemakers- Puritans did not like anyone to disagree with their religious beliefs. IRONY: the Puritans came to aMerica for religious tolerance, but only for themselves. Those who did were usually kicked out- some founded new colonies in New England -**Thomas Hooker**- Connecticut in 1636. Believed that MB officials had too much power. Established colony that allowed all landowners to vote and limited power of governor -**Roger Williams**- establish Rhode Island in 1644. Much more democratic, religiously tolerant, and complete separation of church and state. (believed that concerns in politics would corrupt church) -stated that God talked to her- Puritans believed that God only talked through Bible…ordered her expelled. -As the New England colonies grew, settlers started to span out throughout the region- with this came the taking of Native American lands (by 1670, over 45,000 English settlers lived in and around New England). -in 1675, **Metacom** (also known as **King Philip**) chief of the Wampanoag began to attack the English settlements. Other Native American groups joined in. In all killed 600 settlers and destroyed 12 towns. Over 3000 NA died. -The war was horrific- scalpings, tomahawks, and torched villages. Both sides attacked innocent men, women and children avenging the deaths on their side. -by a year later, he was killed and people sold into slavery.
 * New England Colonies**
 * Beginning of the Puritan Commonwealth**
 * Religious Intolerance**
 * -Anne Hutchinson**- eventually fled to Rhode Island too. Would discuss sermons and was very opinionated. Puritan leaders did not like this woman explaining God's laws. When brought before the court in 1637, poked holes in leaders arguments.
 * will become important symbol for religious freedom
 * Tensions with Native Americans**

-New Amsterdam established as a trading post for furs…attracted people there for trade -became a place where people from different countries, religions could come and live freely. -"people do not seem concerned what religion their neighbor is. Indeed, they do not seemed to care if he has any religion at all." Visitor from Virginia p. 109 -Rivalry between Dutch and English over trade- 1664 English warships entered port…New Amsterdam was surrendered without a single shot fired (Gov. Stuyvesant was not popular and had no support- though he was the one who had brought law and order back to New Amsterdam) -renamed **New York** -Duke of York (New York) decided it was too big to govern so gave parts of it to friends to divide as they wished as long as the colonists were ruled according to English Law and they paid a yearly monetary fee --> Became **New Jersey** -many moved there for fertile land -In 1702 it became a royal colony. Charter created protected religious freedom and rights of an elected assembly -Founded by **William Penn** in 1681 -was from wealthy family and friend of king, but had joined the **Quakers** -women preach in public, no bowing to nobles, against all war- did not serve in army -persecuted in England and New England. -King Charles II issued charter to Penn giving him land in North America (called Pennsylvania= Penn's Woodlands) -**Place of Equality**: Penn wanted colony to be a place of freedom of religion, peace and equality -at first allowed Protestants, Catholics, and Jews (were later forced to leave) -Even respected Native Americans- believed that North America was their land and encouraged settlers to pay NA for the land- Natives respected him for that and there was relative peace between the two through the years -Pennsylvania Dutch- German Protestants came over (Deutsch= German) and made up big group in the area -African Slaves- made up 1/3 of settlers. When released from slavery, many stayed there and became laborers. -**Philadelphia**: carefully planned his capital city along the Delaware River…named it Philadelphia "brotherly love"…quickly grew and became one of the largest cities in North America -settlers living South of Delaware River tired of traveling to Philadelphia for assembly meetings…Penn let them write their own charter -Economy: River valleys led to more fertile soil- led to larger farms…but farmers depended more on farmhands than slave labor in the fields. -Bread Basket- most of the crops were wheat and barley -Meats- large farms of sheep and cows- exported to rest of the colonies -iron- from rivers- helped with the trade industry -Backcountry: many German and Scotch started moving Westward…learned from Indians many ways to survive and prosper in wooded lands, but also skirmishes with Indians over land
 * Middle Colonies **
 * Will develop as a multi-cultural society…wide variety of people**
 * New Netherlands becomes New York**
 * TRADE: brings in people from all over. Trade= exchange of goods and ideas
 * New Jersey**
 * Pennsylvania**
 * -Quakers:** believed that all people no matter age, gender, social status were equal in the eyes of God (very radical at the time)
 * book //Finishing Becca//
 * Delaware**
 * Culture, Economy of the Middle Colonies**


 * Southern Colonies **

-divided by the **Mason-Dixon Line:** physical line drawn by the surveyors Mason and Dixon but also a cultural line as the Sothern Colonies developed very different from the Middle Colonies -1632 established by Sir Calvert- had become a Catholic (bad in England) and wanted a place where Catholics could practice religion freely (named Maryland for King's wife) -he actually died before colony started- his son, Lord Baltimore carried on -establishment: 200 came over in 1634. Chesapeake Bay bountiful with seafood and tobacco already growing right across the Bay. Avoided problems of Jamestown by not building on the swamps -created //elected assembly// -gave out generous land grants to those who moved with servants, women and children -In order to ensure that Catholics would have equal rights, established the **Act of Toleration**- provided religious freedom to all Christians (not Jews) -brought them into conflict with Native Americans. -frontier people wanted governor to fight the Native Americans- he refused (traded with them) -Under the leadership of Nathaniel Bacon (young farmer), frontier people began to fight the Native Americans- attacked villages throughout the land no matter if they were friendly or not. Even marched to Jamestown and burned it. //*Represents continued trouble with Native Americans// -1663 eight nobles received land grant from King Charles II- divided it into two areas -Northern- poor tobacco farmers associated with Virginia- in 1712 it became North Carolina -Southern- centered on Charles' Town (Charleston). -needed a large workforce to work in the fields- enslaving the native americans did not work -soon after 1700, Africans outnumbered white people 2-1 -last of the English 13 colonies. Founded by James Oglethorpe in 1732 -wanted a place where debtors could have a fresh start -Plantations popped along the coast and rivers inland...found rice and tobacco were most profitable. -at the base of the Appalachians...very different than the Tidewater Plantations
 * Maryland**
 * -Religious Tolerance**- in order for colony to grow, allowed Protestants and Catholics to move there
 * -Bacon's Rebellion**- as more and more settlers came to North America, they had to keep moving Westward to obtain good land (most land by coast had already been taken)
 * Carolinas**
 * -Slavery**: 1685 realized that rice grew well, but needed help of rice growing African slaves.
 * Georgia**
 * Tidewater Plantations**
 * there were very few big plantations (between 20-100 slaves) but they set the social standard for the region
 * Backcountry South**
 * Settlers more likely to treat each other equally
 * smaller farms, more hunting, mostly self-sufficient, few slaves
 * Slavery**